197 BC. Greece. Macedonian phalanx vs Roman legion. For 150 years, the phalanx was unstoppable. Alexander used it to conquer the world. Then it faced Rome at Cynoscephalae. The phalanx: 18-foot spears 16 rows deep Unstoppable from front ❌ Can't turn or adapt The legion: Short swords Flexible units Moves like a swarm ✓ Adapts to anything Philip's phalanx charged downhill → crushed Romans But the terrain was uneven Phalanx broke formation Romans hit them from the side 8,000 Macedonians killed. 700